China holds approximately 9 percent of Sri Lanka’s total outstanding debt as of 2017 and 14 percent amongst bilateral lenders – equivalent to the same share held by neighbouring India. Despite this, Sri Lanka’s engagement with China has become synonymous globally with the Asian giant’s so-called ‘debt diplomacy’ – an euphemism for debt entrapment. 

As Sri Lanka, like many other developing countries, escalates its engagement with China’s ambitious Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), the question of debt entrapment requires a more rigorous review. A decade on from the Hambantota Port project’s kick off – a China-funded venture that is illustrated globally to support the debt entrapment hypothesis – when Sri Lanka is grappling with a worsening foreign debt overhang, seems a propitious time to examine some of the numbers. 

From a debut US $ 500 million international sovereign bond (ISB) issuer in 2007, Sri Lanka has gone on to amass US $ 15.3 billion during 2007-2018, from subsequent ISB issues and foreign currency term financing facilities (FTFFs). In the same period, Sri Lanka tapped China for a total of US $ 9.2 billion as development loans and an additional US $ 1 billion as a FTFF in 2018. Not surprisingly, ISBs and FTFFs together account for 33 percent of Sri Lanka’s outstanding foreign debt in 2017, against a 9 percent share held by China. 

Criticism of Chinese loan disbursements has focused not only on the volume of funds but also on the terms. Indeed, the Hambantota Port saga centres on this theme – funding for phase one of the project (US $ 307 million), costing Sri Lanka a fixed rate of 6.3 percent, when globally, rates were declining rapidly following the global financial crisis. 

But when considering the total US $ 9.2 billion Chinese development loans to Sri Lanka, 61 percent has been obtained on concessional terms, according to the data available from the External Resources Department. Concessional terms on Chinese loans are typically fixed rates at 2 percent, with other fees of 0.5 percent and maturity periods of 15-20 years. The terms compare less favourably to Sri Lanka’s other major bilateral donors – India but most specifically, Japan. However, in comparison to the raising ISBs or FTFFs, tapping China can be more price advantageous with possibly more flexibility on loan rescheduling if required.
If only 40 percent of loans from China has been obtained on commercial terms, they account for only 20 percent of the country’s large and rising non-concessional share of foreign debt (at 55 percent of total outstanding debt in 2017). The vast bulk (80 percent) is made up of ISBs, FTFFs and foreign holdings of treasury bills and bonds. This shift in composition has been the main driver of Sri Lanka’s rising debt service ratios, where Chinese development loans have played a very secondary role. Thus, Chinese loans are clearly not the primary cause of Sri Lanka’s debt imbroglio. But, they have contributed to and possibly aggravated the problem. Loans from China are attractive to governments for multiple reasons; they are free of conditions and lengthy negotiating processes and provide access to large volumes more quickly, to be disbursed according to the presumed needs. In the event, they also carry heavy risks in the presence of poor analysis of investment projects, incentive problems and interest group influenced investment choices.

With much of Chinese development loans plugged into infrastructure projects with relatively low financial returns over the long term and policy inaction to deal with declining export competitiveness, Sri Lanka turned to ISBs for reserves accumulation – at times spending large chunks defending the currency against all odds and debt servicing. As a result, the returns on ISB/FTFF are likely to be considerably lower than their borrowing costs.

The more prudent course when simultaneously issuing long-term bonds and buying reserves with ISBs, is to accumulate resources to be used in periods of higher borrowing costs. Under the circumstances, net of debt settlements, Sri Lanka’s external debt exposure keeps growing. 

The risks from the exposure to a large external debt stock are multiplying as the favourable external financial conditions under which Sri Lanka borrowed excessively starts to unwind. To a large extent, these pressures will also dictate future engagements with China. A shift is already taking place, as Sri Lanka increasingly taps China for FTFFs.

With narrow financing options for low-middle-income countries, there is much to be gained from active engagement with the BRI. But, the risks too must be better managed. Safeguards on project appraisal and selection and strong national debt management practices are essential for countries like Sri Lanka to safely navigate the new financing landscape.

(Dushni Weerakoon is Executive Director at the Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka (IPS). This article is based on a paper presented at Sri Lanka Economic Association Annual Sessions 2018, January 18-19, 2019. The author can be reached at [email protected]. To view this article online and to share your comments, visit the IPS Blog ‘Talking Economics’ - http://www.ips.lk/talkingeconomics/)