Incentive payments to attract low-skilled migrants are rare. But in the case of Sri Lankan female domestic workers, employers of several Middle Eastern (ME) countries such as Saudi Arabia (SA), Qatar and Bahrain are willing to bear an exorbitant incentive payment. With regard to Saudi Arabia, it is estimated that the employer makes a payment of around Rs.875,000 (or SAR 23,000), to source a housemaid from Sri Lanka (SL). Out of this amount, Rs.275,000-375,000 is retained by the foreign employment agent in SA to cover costs and commissions, while the balance is sent to Sri Lanka. Apart from about Rs.100,000 of the amount sent, the remaining Rs.500,000 - 600,000 is shared by migration stakeholders as incentives. 

This article discusses the adverse implications of such upfront incentive payments to migrants by focusing on the case of female domestic workers from SL to SA. 


Incentive payment
Latha is a recent migrant from Diddeniya, Kurunegala who found a job as a housemaid in SA through a licensed foreign employment agency in the Kurunegala town. Since Latha did not know about migration or the agency in Kurunegala, it was Gunapala – a sub-agent who also lives in Diddeniya – that introduced Latha to the agency. Gunapala is an informal representative of the agency in Kurunegala, who mediates between the agency and migrants like Latha. As such, the total incentive amount of Rs.500,000-600,000 is shared by Latha’s family, Gunapala and the agent in Kurunegala. 

The incentive payment to Latha’s family totalled to about Rs.250,000, while it was disbursed in a rather intriguing manner. Initially Latha was given an advance payment Rs.25,000 to cover her miscellaneous costs involved in the run up to migration, while the balance (about Rs.225,000) was handed over to her husband- Gamini, only afterLatha boarded the plane to SA. The timing of this large incentive payment is aimed to curtail the possibility of potential migrants changing their mind after obtaining the incentive payment. However, this bizarre timing of the incentive payment leads to many adverse implications. 


Issues of upfront payment of incentives 
One of the main issues is the upfront payment being handed over to the husband while the migrant-wife is en route to ME. This gives her little control over how it is utilized. The increase in disposable income to the household even before the migrant takes up her duties leads to the possible decrease in labour force participation of the husband left behind and promotes an increase in unnecessary expenses such as alcohol consumption and gambling.  All the while, the female migrant is accountable to serve for the agreed two years since the upfront payment was received by her party. This increases her vulnerability at destination.  

Meanwhile, it is common for husbands to convince the otherwise unconvinced wives to migrate for employment just to obtain the incentive payment. In such cases, the lack of motivation by the woman to pursue a job in the ME often leads to problems at destination that necessitates her premature return, inconveniencing the employer, agents in both countries and the Sri Lanka Bureau of Foreign Employment (SLBFE). 

Yet another group of husbands and wives work in unison to exploit the incentive payments by going through the process and migrating only with the intention of collecting the incentive payment. Once at destination, these female domestic workers would create some issue and return to repeat the entire process with another agent and collect yet another incentive payment.  

Given that the recruitment fee is paid upfront by the employer, in both the above cases, the agent in SL is responsible to replace a maid for the employer or refund recruitment cost paid (including the incentives). In such situations, agents in SL work to recover the incentive payment, failing which, the migrant would be blacklisted. 

Finally, since the agents and sub agents also keep a share of the incentive payment, they pressurize the workers to remain with the employer for at least three months to avoid having to return the incentive payment or to provide a replacement worker. Such pressure also contributes to female domestic workers being compelled to endure abuse or bad working conditions at destination. 


Solution 
The best solution to address the adverse implications of this upfront incentive payment is to include the same into their monthly salary. Currently, Sri Lankan domestic workers are paid about SAR 900, whereas Filipino female domestic worker earns about SAR 1,500. As such, including the incentive payment into wages would benefit workers in many ways such as greater control for female domestic workers over their earnings, and greater flexibility and fewer obligations towards the employer and the agent as the incentives would now be related to duration of service. 

In the absence of efforts to address these large upfront incentive payments, Sri Lankan workers would become less competitive in the SA market in price terms. For instance, in 2013 the wage for a Filipino female domestic worker was SAR 1,500 and the wait time for the maid to arrive in SA was 20-90 days, while for a maid from Morocco the wait period was four months with a recruitment cost of SAR 12,000. At the same time, the recruitment cost for a maid from SL was around SAR 17,000 - SAR 25,000 with a monthly salary of SAR 900 and a wait period of four to eight months. This indicates how Sri Lanka is becoming less competitive in terms of wages, recruitment costs and wait times. At present, the cost to hire a maid from SL has soared to SAR 23,000 surpassing SAR 19,000 charged by the Philippines.

In this connection, the latest Budget proposal to increase minimum wages for Sri Lankan domestic workers to US $ 300 (SAR 1,125) is a step in the right direction. The proposal would be better if it focused on the total remuneration package which includes incentive payments instead of wages only, so that Sri Lankan workers would still remain competitive in SA despite a higher minimum wage rate. 

Note: Rs.1 = SAR 37 – 38 (estimated).The names of the interviewed migrants have been changed for anonymity. 

 (Dr. BileshaWeeraratne is a Research Fellow at the Institute of Policy Studies of Sri Lanka (IPS). To view this article online and to share comments, visit the IPS Blog ‘Talking Economics’ – www.ips.lk/talkingeconomics)