A Sri Lankan national obtained a divorce judgment in the United States and subsequently sought its recognition in Sri Lanka

In today’s interconnected global legal landscape, the enforcement of foreign judgments plays a pivotal role in facilitating international legal cooperation, ensuring justice, and upholding the rights of parties involved in cross-border disputes. 
Sri Lanka, guided by its legal frameworks and international commitments, provides a structured approach in recognising and enforcing foreign judgments, including those arising from divorce cases. This essay provides an in-depth exploration of Sri Lanka’s legal mechanisms, recent developments, practical implications, and the interplay with domestic laws, focusing particularly on foreign divorce judgments. 

 Legal framework for enforcement of foreign judgments

Sri Lanka’s legal framework for enforcing foreign judgments is primarily anchored in the Reciprocal Enforcement of Judgments Ordinance (REJO) No. 41 of 1921. This ordinance establishes the statutory basis for Sri Lankan courts to recognise and enforce judgments delivered by superior courts in designated jurisdictions, typically countries with reciprocal agreements. The objective of the REJO is to provide a streamlined process for the enforcement of foreign judgments, promoting legal certainty and facilitating efficient resolution of disputes across borders.
Under the REJO, the enforcement process begins with an application to the relevant Sri Lankan court within 12 months of the foreign judgment’s issuance. Applications are heard in the District Court or the Commercial High Court, depending on the nature and monetary value of the judgment. The court follows a summary procedure to determine the entitlement of the judgment creditor to enforcement. Once registered, a foreign judgment holds the same legal status as if it were issued by a Sri Lankan court, empowering the judgment creditor to enforce its terms within Sri Lanka’s jurisdiction.

Enforcing foreign divorce judgments: Procedural and substantive considerations under the Civil Procedure Code of Sri Lanka

Enforcing foreign divorce judgments within Sri Lanka involves navigating  procedural requirements and substantive legal principles. The process typically begins with the judgment creditor submitting a certified copy of the foreign divorce decree to the Sri Lankan court. Section 217 of the Civil Procedure Code plays a pivotal role in this regard, providing the framework for granting relief aligned with the nature of foreign divorce judgments.
Section 217 allows the Sri Lankan court to grant various forms of relief, such as recognising the dissolution of marriage, determining custody arrangements for children and enforcing financial provisions stipulated in the foreign judgment. This section ensures that the enforcement process adheres to legal principles, safeguarding the rights of parties involved while promoting consistency in judicial decisions.
In practice, enforcing foreign divorce judgments requires meticulous adherence to procedural guidelines under the REJO and the Civil Procedure Code. Parties involved in cross-border disputes must ensure that the foreign judgment meets the criteria for enforcement, including proper jurisdiction of the foreign court, compliance with due process, and conformity with Sri Lanka’s public policy.

 Role of Evidence Ordinance in enforcing foreign judgments

The Evidence Ordinance of Sri Lanka, particularly Sections 40 and 85, plays a crucial role in facilitating the enforcement of foreign judgments, including divorce decrees. Section 40 recognises the relevance of any foreign judgment that impacts whether a Sri Lankan court should take cognisance of a case. This provision allows the court to consider legal barriers in the foreign jurisdiction that could affect the enforcement process, such as ongoing appeals or reviews.
Section 85 of the Evidence Ordinance is equally significant, as it addresses the admissibility of certified copies of foreign judicial records as evidence in Sri Lankan courts. This section presumes such documents to be genuine and accurate if certified in a manner commonly accepted in the foreign jurisdiction. By accepting certified copies under Section 85, Sri Lankan courts streamline the process of proving the existence and terms of foreign divorce judgments, eliminating the need for extensive evidentiary hearings on authenticity.

Recent developments and judicial interpretations

Recent judicial decisions in Sri Lanka have shaped the landscape of enforcing foreign judgments, particularly in divorce matters. Courts have underscored the importance of reciprocity, ensuring that judgments from jurisdictions with established reciprocal agreements are readily enforceable within Sri Lanka. This approach promotes legal certainty and predictability for parties seeking enforcement of foreign divorce judgments, minimising procedural hurdles and delays.
For instance, landmark rulings have illustrated Sri Lanka’s willingness to recognise and enforce foreign divorce judgments that uphold fundamental principles of justice and fairness. These decisions emphasise factors such as jurisdictional validity, procedural fairness in foreign courts, and the rights of parties involved in cross-border matrimonial disputes. Such judicial interpretations align Sri Lanka’s legal standards with international norms, fostering confidence in the enforcement of foreign judgments across diverse legal systems.

Case Study: Landmark Decision in District Court No. 07, Colombo

A notable case exemplifying the evolving jurisprudence on foreign divorce judgments in Sri Lanka is DC No. 475/2024. In this case, a Sri Lankan national obtained a divorce judgment in the United States and subsequently sought its recognition in Sri Lanka to obtain a single status certificate for remarriage in Fiji. Represented by legal counsel, the plaintiff navigated the intricacies of cross-border divorce, emphasising the importance of recognising foreign judgments to uphold individual rights and facilitate personal aspirations.

Judicial interpretations and precedents and guiding principles from Sri Lankan courts

Judicial interpretations, as illustrated by decisions such as CA/WRIT/266/2021, provide crucial guidelines for enforcing foreign divorce judgments in Sri Lanka. These include assessing the jurisdiction of the foreign court, ensuring procedural fairness, and safeguarding the rights of both parties involved. Such principles underscore the judiciary’s commitment to adapting legal frameworks in response to globalised matrimonial relationships.

Practical implications and challenges

Enforcing foreign judgments, particularly in divorce cases, presents practical implications and challenges that require careful consideration. Parties involved in international disputes must navigate procedural requirements under the REJO, ensuring compliance with timelines and documentary evidence. Challenges may arise if the original court lacked jurisdiction over the parties or the subject matter, if due process standards were not met, or if the enforcement contradicts Sri Lanka’s public policy.
Moreover, legal practitioners and stakeholders involved in cross-border disputes are advised to seek specialised legal counsel familiar with international family law and the intricacies of enforcing foreign judgments. By understanding the nuances of Sri Lanka’s legal framework and recent developments in judicial interpretations, stakeholders can effectively navigate the complexities of international legal enforcement, safeguarding the rights and interests of their clients.
By examining the legal mechanisms underpinning the enforcement of foreign judgments, including the role of the REJO, the Civil Procedure Code, and the Evidence Ordinance, stakeholders can navigate international legal obligations effectively. This analysis underscores Sri Lanka’s commitment to legal certainty, justice, and international cooperation in resolving cross-border disputes, ensuring that individuals’ rights are protected and upheld in a globalised legal landscape.
In conclusion, Sri Lanka’s adherence to international legal norms and its structured approach to enforcing foreign judgments, including divorce decrees, exemplify its commitment to legal certainty and justice in global interactions. By providing a comprehensive legal analysis of the enforcement process, this essay elucidates the complexities involved, recent developments, practical implications, and the interplay with domestic laws for individuals seeking recognition and enforcement of foreign divorce judgments within Sri Lanka. Therefore, according to the  above prevailing laws and specially based on the judgment of the recently  decided American divorce case in Colombo DC 7, foreign divorce judgments can be enforced within the local limits of Sri Lanka, only if the case has been filed within the relevant court jurisdiction.  
(The writers are Attorneys At Law)