Few sectors are as emotionally and politically charged as the Sri Lankan plantation industry. Media often portrays the ‘estate sector’ as the single-most impoverished, malnourished and lacking in basic amenities, often holding the Regional Plantation Companies (RPCs) accountable for the entirety of this tragic situation. Given that the RPCs only account for 15 percent of the plantation sector workforce, out of the total population of one million, this is naturally a deeply flawed assumption. 

Yet, for reasons that are mostly political, when the welfare of the ‘estate sector workers’ and ‘estate population’ are discussed, they are almost entirely focused on issues relating to the Malaiyaha Tamils employed by the RPCs in the Nuwara Eliya district alone. This is despite the fact that the plantation sector workers are found in 12 districts across Sri Lanka,.   

To ensure real and lasting progress, we require a significantly more informed, nuanced national debate that is grounded in reality. 

Confusing the exception with the rule: What exactly is the ‘estate community’?   

The technical definition of the estate sector in the Sri Lankan context refers to all plantations that are more than 20 acres in extent, with 10 or more resident workers. This is a much broader categorisation than the RPC sector estate communities. Yet, the terms are typically used interchangeably, creating a massive distortion in perceptions vs reality.   

Hence, even as incidence of poverty in the estate sector is at 50 percent, incidence of poverty among the RPC workers is significantly better, while several other critical metrics, including the infant mortality rate (IMR) and maternal mortality rate (MMR), have recorded massive improvements since the start of privatisation in 1992, right through to the present day. 

Similarly, the RPC workers account for just 15 percent of the estate sector workforce across tea, rubber and other crops. Yet, when the media and political cycles focus on the wellbeing of the ‘estate workers’, they focus exclusively on the RPC workers from the Malaiyaha Tamil community working in the tea industry. 

This is despite the fact that the estate sector workers are actually distributed across the entire island and across industries spanning tea, rubber, coconut, spices and fruits. Worse still, these discussions totally exclude the many hundreds of thousands of other workers and their families who make up the vast majority of this community and yet receive little to no attention. 

This discrepancy was best highlighted by the plight of the estate sector workers in the Monaragala district, where the employees of the state-owned rubber plantations are not provided with work, reasonable pay, EPF/ETF or any of the other extensive support in terms of housing, nutrition and other essential public services. Crucially for these workers, they have no trade unions or political parties discussing their plight, despite them actually being among the most marginalised communities in the estate sector. 

Conflating the incidence of poverty, malnourishment and other socioeconomic inequalities in these non-RPC estates with the RPC sector, where significant support is still being provided, ignores both the scope of improvements made under the RPC management and massive gap in public services in non-RPC sectors and is a disservice to both communities.  

Developments in housing, infrastructure and child care in RPC sector

Post-privatisation, significant strides have been made to improve housing and infrastructure for the RPC workers. This progress is the result of a collaborative effort involving various stakeholders, including the RPCs and Plantations Human Development Trust (PHDT).

The PHDT – a tripartite body comprising government, trade union and RPC representatives – is at the forefront of improving the quality of life for plantation workers. Since privatisation in 1992, the PHDT, with strong support from the RPCs, has significantly reduced the number of the RPC workers living in line rooms. 

Currently there are only 150,000 workers who contribute their labour to the plantation industry, out of one million resident plantation population in the RPCs. By 2022, a total of 65,000 new housing units had been provided for the community. 

These modern homes include attached bathrooms, with each valued at approximately Rs.1.2 million, prior to the economic crisis. At the time of construction, each 550 square-foot property was of equal or greater value than four years of gross salary and was constructed on seven perches of land provided completely free of charge by the estate. 

Meanwhile, a further 116,000 residences have been upgraded, while 166,123 individual toilets were constructed. 
The RPCs have also supported the construction, maintenance and management of over 1,382 Child Development Centres (PHDT Annual Health Return 2021), equipping them with fully-qualified and professionally trained early child development officers and support staff. As part of the Early Childhood Development project introduced in 2015, approximately 25,000 children have been registered for supportive custodial care across the estates. This includes access to quality early education and nutrition, which are the single most important determinant to positive lifetime outcomes on both. 

Notably, the past year also saw the construction of over 500 housing units and 19 Early Childhood Development Centres (ECDs), in a drive to enhance critical services for the plantation community across several RPCs in the country, facilitated by an investment of Rs.1 billion. 

Furthermore, the RPCs have continuously prioritised providing plantation workers with access to clean drinking water and sanitation, which is evident from the 800 million RPC investment that has gone into the cause. In addition to this, approximately 40 mega projects in selected estates have provided drinking water to 15,000 families, under the Water Supply and Sanitation project.

While these interventions have generated significant improvements for the lives of many in the RPC community, it is critical to note that significantly more investment and development is required in order to expand these benefits to the entire estate community. However, we maintain that for a lasting solution, the RPCs can no longer be held solely responsible for building houses, hospitals and homes.   

While the RPCs are committed to these efforts, the government and development agency involvement is crucial, especially given that land ownership is ultimately vested with the government in trust for the people of Sri Lanka. 

Critical improvements in post-privatisation health and nutrition outcomes 

Another significant sign of progress on key indicators made under the RPC management can be seen in improvements around infant and maternal mortality and incidence of low birthweights. Pre-privatisation, a total of 220 of infants died within one year of birth on the RPC estates, while 135 mothers died during pregnancy and child birth and 1,616 children recorded a low birthweight. 

By contrast, in 2021, according to the Health Ministry Family Health Bureau figures, Sri Lanka infant mortality rate was 9.5 per 1000 live births while the RPC rate was 1.55 (1/556). Where Sri Lanka’s neo-natal mortality rate was 6.8 percent for 1000 live births, among the RPCs, there were zero deaths, out of 556 live births in the RPC sector. 
The still birth rate was 6.9 percent for Sri Lanka while it was 5.4 percent for the RPCs (3/556). The perinatal mortality rate was 6 percent for Sri Lanka while it was 1.8 percent for the RPCs (1/559). The maternal mortality rate was 29.2 percent for Sri Lanka while for the RPCs it was 1.55 (1/556). The low birthweight rate was 12.7 percent for Sri Lanka while the RPC rate was 14 percent (76/534). 

The infant underweight rate was 5.9 percent for Sri Lanka while it was 1.7 percent for the RPCs (70/3991). The young children underweight rate was 11.4 percent for Sri Lanka while it was 2.5 percent for the RPCs (115/4665). The under five years mortality rate was 11.1 percent for Sri Lanka while the RPC rate was 0 (0/556). The two to five years underweight rate for Sri Lanka was 18.6 percent while it was 3 percent for the RPCs (376/15065). 
These improvements were driven by the targeted interventions across the RPCs to drive better outcomes through nutrition, including provision on antenatal registration, paid leave for antenatal clinics, worming, vitamins, Triposha, folic acid, iron tablets, Tetanus Toxide vaccine, on estate account during working hours.

To state that no improvements have been on any of these fronts distorts the effectiveness of these programmes, which need to be scaled up from being exclusively provided to the RPC workers and expanded out to the entire estate population as well as other sectors, not discounted and disregarded in their entirety.

None of the above should be construed to mean that the RPC workers do not require additional support; they most certainly do. However, we call on all stakeholders to engage in this discussion in good faith, with positions grounded in empirical data. 

Casting the RPCs as out-right villains in this story may be politically expedient but if we are to make meaningful progress, our analysis needs to extend beyond the next election cycle. A collaborative approach among all stakeholders is essential for meaningful progress, with initiatives like those spearheaded by the PHDT serving as pivotal drivers of transformation that need to be expanded and emulated.2